Critical ethnography Research Strategy

Critical ethnography Research Strategy Introduction The research methodology that I will be using for the Data Collection and Analysis assignment is critical ethnography. This methodology fits with my research goal to bring awareness to the unequal power structures and oppression existing within the collaborative child welfare and violence against women (VAW) advocates relationship. Madison (2005) states that critical ethnographers have an ethical responsibility to address unfairness and injustice within a particular lived domain and moves beneath surface appearances, disrupts the status quo, and unsettles both neutrality and taken-for-granted assumptions by bringing to light underlying and obscure operations of power and control (p. 5). Therefore, using the critical paradigm embedded in this methodology, I set out to uncover how issues of power, oppression and inequality affect the collaborative relationship between child welfare and violence against women (VAW) advocates that ultimately affect the services they provide to women and children. Through examining the strengths and weaknesses of their relationship, I intend to shed light onto how women and children who have experienced domestic violence and abuse are impacted by the power exerted by both service providers and their existing policies and ideologies. Theoretical and Conceptual Lens Conceptual Lens: Critical ethnography is defined as the doing or performance of critical theory. It is critical theory in action. (Madison, 2005, p. 5). Thus, critical ethnography is innately connected Exploring Methodology To the critical paradigm, which will be the conceptual lens utilized to investigate my research question. Critical theory is concerned with the mediation of power and dominance in society. Cohen, Manion and Morrison (2005) state critical theory seeks to uncover the interests at work in particular situations and to interrogate the legitimacy of those interests Its intention is transformative to transform society and individuals to social democracy (p. 28). The critical theory component of critical ethnography differentiates it from mainstream ethnography, which is concerned with the observation and description of culture or phenomenon. Critical theory modifies conventional ethnography by incorporating a political agenda which seeks to emancipate society. Theoretical Lens: Anti-oppressive theory provides a strong theoretical lens to use with critical theory and critical ethnography as both the former and the latter seek to uncover oppression and marginalization in society. It recognizes the intersectionalities of both clients and workers and can be used to highlight how legislation is entrenched in hetero-patriarchy. Similarly, at an organizational level, anti-oppressive theory can help to reveal the hegemonic practices in child welfare which influences the relationship between VAW workers and child protection workers and impacts the delivery of services to women and children. Epistemology of Critical Ethnography The epistemological underpinnings of critical ethnography are concerned with how the knowledge of oppression and power emerged historically and politically and its impact on Exploring Methodology shaping relations in society. The potential of knowledge production to reproduce and perpetuate notions of power, oppression and inequality in society is recognized. In addition, critical epistemology includes an understanding of the relationship between power and thought and power and truth claims (Carspecken, 1996, p. 10) This approach is value-laden because it has a determinedly political agenda. It seeks transformation by exposing oppressive structures in society, with the goal to emancipate society. Critical ethnographers are interested in hearing the narratives of their clients with the explicit agenda to bring forth political change. It is also value mediated because the researcher and the researched are interconnected, with the values of the investigator and the other influencing the inquiry. However, it is important to note that while research is value-driven, the validity claims of the researcher must meet rigorous standards to avoid bias. (Carspecken, 1996, p. 8) Moreover, a critical ethnographic approach goes further than other approaches. Firstly, critical researchers acknowledge researcher bias and subjectivity, as the researchers personal feelings and views are a part of the research process. The researcher is reflexive, and is engaged in a constant process of critiquing both objectivity and subjectivity. Second, researchers engage in an examination of their positionality in relation to the other (who is being studied). The researcher is engaged in a dialogical relationship with the other and remains grounded in their experience, as it is the concern for their condition which is driving the research. According to Madison (2005) dialogue moves from ethnographic presence to the present by opening up passageways for readers and audiences to experience and grasp the partial presence of a temporal conversation constituted by the others voice, body, history and yearnings (p. 10). Exploring Methodology Ontology of Critical Ethnography Critical ethnography begins from the premise that the structure and content of culture make life unnecessarily more nasty, brutish, and short for some people (Thomas, 1993, p. 33). When conducting research, critical ethnographers start with a view of what there is to know, an ontology, that furnishes a set of images and metaphors, in which various forms of social oppression constitute what is to be known (Thomas, 1993, p. 34). Thus, ontological underpinnings of critical ethnography are concerned with how societal structures and systems oppress certain groups, while reinforcing power, domination and capitalism. It sets out to expose the deeper social, historical and political meanings in society which reinforce the marginalization of some groups and how power and interests mediate these relations going below the surface level meaning to expose how bodies of ideas, norms and ideologies create meanings for constructing social subjects and concepts like gender, race and student (Thomas, 1993, p. 34). Critical ethnography also acknowledges that there are multiple realities, which can be uncovered through incorporating a narrative ontology. The narratives of participants are used to provide a rich description of their experience, as interpreted by the researcher to illustrate how issues of oppression, power and inequality are operating in his or her life (Thomas, 1993, p. 34). Unit of Analysis For this research study, dialogical data will be collected through a semi-structured interview with the intent to shed light into organizational practices existing within child protection and VAW services that influences their collaborative relationship. A key informant Exploring Methodology who has worked both in child welfare and VAW services will be interviewed for twenty to thirty minutes. Data Collection Tools For this research study, I will be interviewing a single individual. A semi-structured interview will be used because it allows the interview to be sufficiently open-ended. The interview questions can be re-ordered, modified and the researcher can probe the participant with additional questions, if needed. The interview will be recorded using an audio recorder. Field notes and observational notes of non verbal communication will also be taken. After the interview, additional notes will be made to capture anything that may have been missed. Strengths and Weaknesses of this Methodology One of the major strengths of critical ethnography is that it goes further than a traditional descriptive study, as it seeks to make emancipatory changes in society. Its political agenda attempts to transform society and share narratives and experiences of oppressed groups. This methodology also attempts to include the participants in the research process, using methods such as member checking (Carspecken, 1996, p. 166) which helps provide individuals who are often ignored from dominant discourses a voice. However, one glaring criticism of critical ethnography has been that we cannot separate it from the historical and political context from which it emerged. This context is problematic as it effects the researchers epistemological position because the ethnographers institutional or Exploring Methodology material standpoint within the everyday world is rarely connected or made problematic in relation to his or her subjects lived actualities. (Jordan Yeoman, 1995, p. 393). While critical ethnography is supposed to take a bottom-up view, the majority of its researchers come from an academic background, which is often in contrast of the material location of their participants. (Jordan Yeoman, 1995, p. 399-400). This influences the production of knowledge and data, as the relationship may be characterized by a power imbalance and differing worldviews as a product of varying material locations. Moreover, exposing inequality and oppression in academic literature does not ensure that change is created in the field. Thus, critical ethnographers become caught in a double bind. On one hand, the researcher seeks emancipation and liberation for their subjects, but they are constrained by their own positionality and the institutions for which they work. Thomas (1976, p. 25) states: We must never become wholly dependent upon established institutions; publishing houses, commercial media, universities, foundations. Social intellectuals must occupy some territory which is their own; their own journal, their own theoretical and practice centres: places where no one works for grades or fore tenure but for the transformation of society (Jordan Yeomans, 1995, p. 399-400). However, despite the researchers positionality, critical ethnography brings an opportunity to challenge traditional research and incorporate participant voices. It is also exciting as it attempts to liberate society from oppression and therefore, provides an alternative and welcomed choice to mainstream research. Exploring Methodology Analysis of Three Peer Reviewed Articles The appendix will discuss three peer reviewed articles in a chart, which is on the following page. The chart is divided into multiple categories, which will discuss the unit of analysis, the sample group, data collection and data analysis. I will conclude the chart by examining the strengths and the weaknesses of the methodology in the articles and then relate it back to my research study. Conclusion This paper set out to explore critical ethnography as my chosen methodology to conduct my research. Through writing this paper and reviewing the three articles, I know that critical ethnography will be useful in achieving my research goal of highlighting the oppression and power in the collaborative relationship between child welfare and VAW workers. This is important, as the relationship between these two sectors ultimately impacts the level of service provided to women and children.

Pc tech; consulting repairs, training, networking and upgrading

Executive SummaryPersonal computer Tech will supply computing machine and proficient consulting fixs, preparation, networking and upgrading service to local and little concern every bit good as place Personal computer users. The Company will concentrate on selling, reactivity, quality and making client dealingss. Personal computer Tech was ab initio formed as a exclusive proprietary, but was reconfigured as an Personal computer Technical school in January 2003 PC Tech will at foremost be a place and office start up, using one studio room in the proprietors place and functioning clients in the local Karachi and Hyderabad country. In the 3rd month of our program, we will travel into a leased office infinite and engage 2nd technician. As gross revenues addition, we will engage extra forces.MarketPersonal computer Tech has decided to concentrate on little concern market, as these clients do n't hold lasting IT Technicians but they have strongly IT technician demands. Personal computer Tech will offer inexpensive rates, on call services for these clients. We can besides offer Contract base understandings that create extra monthly fiscal income. For residential clients we offer a really sensible and friendly base 24/7 service Pc Tech mark market will concentrate on Karachi and Hyderabad and environ ing countries. Market consequence demoing that in Karachi and Hyderabad there is a batch of PC fix concern for Personal computer Tech.Support and FinancialsTo get down the Personal computer Tech the proprietor is financially support hard currency and aids. We are besides looking for bank loan, and we will refund within four old ages. Our gross revenues forecast based on market research within local countries. projected gross revenues in one twelvemonth steadily turn through twelvemonth three. To accomplish these undertakings, we will urgently publicize to work Personal computer Tech rivals weak points. With good disbursal control, we will look into a modest, comfy, 1st twelvemonth net income, even engaging new technicians.AimsTo supply good quality services in a sensible monetary value.To publicize Personal computer Tech promotion often so that Personal computer Tech is common name.Maintain gross revenues growing from start-up through twelvemonth three.Customer satisfactions at leas t 60 % so clients will gives us more concern.Personal computer Tech MissionPersonal computer Tech ends to put criterion for on call or on site Personal computer support through fast, remotely service response and on site as good. Our clients will ever have 24/7 service at a really sensible monetary value. Our clients will have highest quality client support service. We will gives developing to our employees, great environment to work, pay plus benefits and fillip and auto, In return our employees gives good judgement to work out clients ‘ jobs.Keies to successMaking trade name individuality and acknowledgment trade name through selling.On call response with great client service.Quality: No hole no feesDeveloping client relationship-retainers.Personal computer Tech Company SummaryPersonal computer Tech is located in Karachi owned by M.Amir. With little bank loan 3 old ages. Personal computer Tech will turn their service in 1st twelvemonth from 1 adult male, place and office bas ed, computing machine fix store to profitable 2 individual concern in rent location. We will supply necessary design to fastest and expeditiously react to clients computing machine demands, fastest velocity, and sensible rate of proficient support.ServicessPersonal computer Tech will supply computing machine mending, proficient support, making computing machine webs substructure, virus remotion, Server design. As Personal computer Tech clients demands grow, So PC Tech will offer web designing, package development, to our clients.Day foremost, Personal computer Tech on site, on call, distant entree and consulting service. So that we can salvage our clients or client clip to drop their Personal computer ‘s in Personal computer Tech workshop.Personal computer Tech will offer web care contracts so clients can cover proficient support and fix, instead than to be after unexpected informations loss or system clangs and jobs.Personal computer Tech offer limited free package installing so our clients will gives us more concern, we will supply backup recovery, salvaging informations with multiple runing systems like Windowss, Mac, Linux, Unix.PC Tech focal point on hardware and networking support.Market AnalysisPersonal computer Tech will supply web support in both confer withing and proficient issues to little concern and place based users. Since Personal computer Tech is presently a one adult male operation, the first three months growing of Personal computer Tech will be limited by the proprietor ‘s capacity to finish work. These first three months are critical for Personal computer Tech set uping credibleness and repute acquiring the occupation done every bit rapidly as possible. Personal computer Tech focus frontward on presenting first-class client support and proficient support utilizing good word of oral cavity for this initial period to web with other possible clients. Personal market research indicates by the proprietor an attractive market niche f or Personal computer Tech services, of which PC Tech will take full advantage. Customers need aid with everything from installing of package and hardware aid, networking, web cabling, reassigning files from old Personal computer to new Personal computer. Small concern proprietor s need dependable and rapidly assist with their computing machine demands, since every hr down may intend an hr or lost of gross specially for those concern who utilizing web site for e-commerce dealing and E-business.Market CleavageWe have broken our possible market down into two groups, based on client demands, Home-based users and little Business user.Home-Based UserHome-Based users use sophisticated applications by and large have adequate tech cognition, from engineering experience at work to make their ain computing machine mending and hardware upgrading. They change their hardware and will include computing machine itself, proctors, keyboards, mouse, pressman and scanner. Home-based group somewhat turn ing faster than the overall population growing in our country, due to the increasing on-demand computing machines old and retire people and immature households, approximately 8 % a twelvemonth.Small Business UsersSmall concern users will gives good concern to PC Tech, with 4 or more Personal computer ‘s or a web which they use for commercial or concern intents at least 40 % of clip. Small concern clients use include minor use like Windowss or package updating, website updating, book maintaining, stock list trailing, POS systems, informations entry, on-line product/service bringing and merchandise development, in writing designing and composing letters or transcripts for imperativeness release. The more intensive computing machine use for little concern, more critical it is to them their tech work good and faithfully, and that quality fixs and support Personal computer Tech are available in a crisis. Their Personal computer ‘s require will include same points which home u sers need, plus their waiter backups, system backup, storage their informations, and wifi networking. Small concern we are aiming is turning about 4 % a twelvemonth.Target Market StrategyAlthough there are more home-based clients, we believe the bulk of Personal computer Tech gross to come from little concern clients, they need our pressing service attending, and they are puting in tech as portion of their little concern scheme. Our selling focal point frontward on little concern proprietors. Most of the little concern clients do non hold full clip IT Technician, but they need full clip IT Support. Home based computing machine utilizing multiple users, they use it for multiple intents. Personal computer Tech home-based users need assist pull offing puting to incorporate the different demands family members they need proficient aid. Personal computer Tech are besides selling peace of head we provide on-call service in friendly environment, efficient aid merely a phone call off. As comparison more companies transfer their call to automatize call Centre ‘s or touch -tone bill of fare, Simple reassurance of hearing another voice on the phone within a few rings is unmeasurable. Within a few hours person will assist you and work out their job. In computing machine Technology both in package and hardware side continue to turn let go of new Personal computer constituents at dismaying rates. For Personal computer Tech this means occupation security good into the hereafter.Business Analysis ServiceSecondary research market shows IT service clients tend to be really sincere to suppliers that do good work and gives their clients 100 % satisfaction of their demands.An analysis of Personal computer Tech chief rivals shows no overpowering strengths that would be important protocol to entry into market, as local rivals h ave major failing. Computer fix and care industry is fragmented, with some big, national participants and 100s of little, local shops. Most Personal computer ‘s are fix in shop, near the client, computing machine fix parts come from well-known companies and distributors, hold having parts can decelerate down fix procedure. Large companies solved this job by maintaining huge sums of parts in stock at all times, while local stores offer clients of personal interaction and trust that may repair the portion for some hold. Personal computer Tech will set up a relationship with a local distributer to make special-ordering, although this capableness is more expensive than normal channels. It will enable rapidly set up a good repute as efficient and responsive to their client demands. For little concern users We will publicize purchase this client trueness with great word of oral cavity selling and steady growing.Scheme and execution SummaryPersonal computer Tech Strategy and executio n on three key pointsA value proposition of timely and practical solutions, at cheapest rate as comparison to market rates, with 100 % warrant.Exploiting Personal computer Tech rivals failing,

The Poetry or Normal Language - 525 Words

Poetry or Normal Language When reading poetry it is common to be slightly or totally confused. Poetry is not a simple thing to read at times because the language and structure of poetry is different from our everyday language. The way that we would normally speak effects the way that our brains intake literarily poetry. It is important that we read literature, but the form of speaking may bore or discourage most people from the readings. The fact that poetry doesn’t actually say what the writer means is the most difficult part. After reading a poem, most of the time I feel very puzzled. This is because poets use I different type of language than normal day to day people, like me, do. Normally, when we are speaking we say what it is that we want and need to say. Most poems are written to where we can not understand. The reason we do not understand is not because we are illiterate, but because we simply are ignorant to their vocabulary and form of writing. The poems are structured differently from a story book or a scholarly journal. I personally have a lot of difficulty reading poetry, or any literature because of the type of language that is used. At times, I myself do feel like I am a bit less intelligent because I do not comprehend literature as well as other may. I believe that the way we normally speak effects the ways that our brains intake literarily terms and poetry. When reading poetry you have to think outside of the box. Taking the poets words and paintingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Romantic Era: Tim e of a New Time1656 Words   |  7 Pagespast. These little appreciation and acknowledgments by these few men led to a great change in time. This change began to open people’s eyes. People began to appreciate the little things. They began to appreciate music and art as well as nature and poetry. Times began to change as people started to believe in what they want some stayed with the original version of what the church had taught them and dictated to them but many began to read and do their own research and were able to decide for themselvesRead MorePoem Analysis : Poem And Poetry Mean1257 Words   |  6 PagesThe words poem and poetry mean â€Å"to create or make.† There is a variety of different ways to create poems, and the more experience you have, the more ideas you will get on how to write them. The first poem in â€Å"Meeting Poem: An Overview† is Schoolsville and the poem moves from apparent reality to something beyond it. Poets provide their readers with thoughts on different subjects. For example, in the poem â€Å"Hope,† the author is describing how hope is available in everyday things and situations.Read MorePoetry Is Not Turning Loose From Emotion, By Sylvia Plath Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pages Evaluation Essay Poetry is not turning loose from emotion, rather it is an escape from emotion. It is a chance to be out of your body and express feelings from a third person perspective. Poetry is a surplus of emotion and power that is taken to paper to share with those who can relate. When you have nothing to say or don’t know how to say it – it is poetry. It can be as simple as explaining an ocean set landscape, to as complicated as explaining how you feel from the inside out. Sylvia Plath effectivelyRead MorePoetry : I Feel Physically As If The Top Of My Head Were Taken Off1028 Words   |  5 PagesPoetry: Part 1 â€Å"If I feel physically as if the top of my head were taken off, I know that is poetry.† –Emily Dickinson. 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However, they can also be used to portray overlooked, even dark, sides of the world. I believe that poetry is able to do this better than any other art form. As stated in a previous journal, poets are not confined to the normal rules and regulations that other writers might be. They can write what they fe el and

How to Handle a Toxic Divorce - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 758 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Divorce Essay Did you like this example? Its a great thing to watch two strangers paths cross and fall deeply in love, but that happy amazing event then turns sour when you watch those two strangers who meant the world to one another take on the journey of marriage and then slowly become toxic in one anothers eyes. How two peoples love for one another can turn off like a switch is amazing in the saddest of ways. Between 40 and 50% of marriages in the united states end in divorce, a number which has grown over the years and is expected to grow more. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How to Handle a Toxic Divorce" essay for you Create order The causes of divorce can be many things, both big and small each different depending on the couples, but some of the more common causes of divorce are, fighting, loss of intimacy, getting married too eary, and financial problems. To begin with, a very common factors in divorce is fighting. Throughout any relationship fighting is a normal thing that occurs in moderation, but when it becomes taken to the extreme it then becomes toxic, hurting both people in the relationship and may eventually turn into and something that can be grounds for divorce. According to the US National Library of Medicine, out of a group of 52 individuals, 57 percent of the time the reason for divorce was too much conflict and arguing. This shows a perfect example of marriages failing because of the immense amount of stress fighting puts on a relationship. It begins to cause tension between the couple, making the once happy couple angry, causing them to break up. To sum up, fighting is a great stressor which can lead to divorce. Yet another reason which leads to the separation of a couple is the lack of intimacy. When intimacy decreases in relationships, their feelings for one another could then become strained causing someone in the relationship to feel unloved or unwanted. This feeling causes a chain reaction leading people who were once in amazing, loving, caring relationships to begin contemplating cheating because the arms of some stranger becomes more inviting and loving than their spouse. According to Alec WIlson PsyD, 30% of married couples divorce after one of them have an affair. This shows the great impact cheating can have on a marriage because such a great amount of marriages that are affected by it. In conclusion, cheating is a major cause divorce in America. Furthermore, another cause of divorce is couples rushing into marriage. Love is something that can develop quickly between two people and often times when it does the happy couple will rush to the alter without really knowing one another. They may not have lived with each other long enough, causing them to realize that they cant function sharing a home with one another. The couple may have had a short-lived engagement and not know all the things about the other that they wished they did. Or simply the couple may have been experiencing lust, not love and now after having things settled down, they realize they dont really love one another and dont want to be together. To conclude. Rushing into marriage could be a toxic thing which could cause more harm in the long run in the form of divorce. Lastly, another thing witch causes divorce in America financial stress. Bella Gahndi, president of the smart dating academy says Living in poverty is incredibly stressful, and financial stressors can lead to fighting † which can result in divorce. This furthers the point of financial stressors causing tension and stress in relationships. When finances are a problem it could cause the couple to not be as happy as they once were, they will fight more with one another and not enjoy the company of one another. The couple could lose their cars, house, even go into bankruptcy which are things that all put an immense amount of stress on a relationship. To sum up, Financial problems can put a great stress on a couple and are very common grounds for divorce. In Conclusion, fighting, loss of intimacy, getting married too early, and financial problems are all causes for divorce today. Over the years our divorce rate has risen tremendously and will continue to rise unless something it done about it. Through talking and creating smart plans the divorce rate can be reduced, saving the many marriages of people who truly care for one another, and couldnt imagine life without the other. When planning to get married, it is something that should be taken seriously as a great commitment in order to avoid a divorce several years later.

Physics Of Oscillations In Physics - 1142 Words

This report investigates resonance phenomena of driven damped simple harmonic oscillations by measuring accelerations and frequencies of an oscillator. Since it turned out that oscillations with low damping have smaller errors than those with high damping, small damping cases are employed to examine the resonance phenomena. Based on the Newtons 2nd Law \cite{book}, the motion of oscillations can be modeled by the following differential equation and its solution. \begin{equation} \label{eq1} \ddot x+2\gamma \dot x+\omega_{0}^{2} x=\left(\frac{F_{0}}{m}\right)e^{i\omega t} \end{equation} \begin{equation} \label{eq2} x(\omega)=\frac{F_{0}/m}{\omega_{0}^{2}-\omega^{2}+2i\gamma\omega}=A(\omega)cos(\omega t-\phi) \end{equation} Acceleration†¦show more content†¦In total, 16 experimental data points have been taken after settling to each steady-state for various driven frequencies. The voltage data obtained in Lab View is then converted to the acceleration data by multiplying its amplitudes by the slope of the two calibration points. Here, the voltage data is calibrated with gravity only and with no acceleration. The slope is called calibration factor. Errors for accelerations are the calibration factor times the error of the cursor measurements of Lab View, and that is the minimum difference Lab View can measure. Errors for the phase shifts are obtained by equation \ref{eq5} where \(\Delta f ¥\) is an error for the driven frequency derived from the variation in frequency displayed on the oscilloscope \cite{oscilloscope}, \(t\) is a time shift between the peak of the acceleration of the oscillator and the driven force, \(\Delta t\) is an error for the time derived from the grid square size in the Lab View waveform graph. \begin{equation} \label{eq5} \Delta \phi = \phi \sqrt{(\frac{\Delta f}{f})^{2}+(\frac{\Delta t}{t})^{2}} \end{equation} At the beginning of the experiment, the natural frequency of the oscillator with neither the eddy currents nor driving force is observed as \(\omega_{0} = 75.7 \pm 0.1 \) rad/s or equivalently \(f_{0} = 12.05 \pm 0.01 \) Hz. The result of the experiment is summarized in Figure ~\ref{fg:A} and ~\ref{fg:AandPhi}. The overallShow MoreRelatedHooke s Law And Simple Harmonic Oscillations1085 Words   |  5 Pages College physics II Laboratory Experiment 2 â€Å"Hooke s law and simple harmonic oscillations† by Mohamed Omer Lab Partners Youssef Farlos Roman Martinaz Jhon Fanque Date performed January 18, 2015 Introduction/ Abstract: Simple harmonic motion is the study of oscillation. An object undergoes oscillation when it experiences a restoring force which restores this object to equilibrium positonRead MoreTaking a Look at DNA Supercoiling684 Words   |  3 Pagesin the right direction; whereas negative supercoiling means that the DNA strands are twisted in the left direction. The laws of Physics govern everything that happens in the world, including DNA coiling in living beings. Some of the concepts in Physics that are involved in DNA coiling are quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics. Quantum physics is a branch of physics that explores certain units of energy, which are called quanta. 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The transition towards the H mode, which is characterized by the presence of a strong mean shear flow at the edge, is triggered by the mesoscale dynamics due to the action of zonal flows, with turbulence spreadingRead More Physics of Electric Guitars Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesThis proved successful and the electric guitar as we know it was born. The first commercially available model, the Frying Pan, was spearheaded by George Beauchamp and Adolph Rickenbacker in 1932. Physics Behind Electric Guitars: Introductory Ideas: Before delving into the core physics of electric guitars, some basic information must be understood. 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Critical Analysis of Sherwood Anderson’s Sopohistication Free Essays

In the story of â€Å"Sophistication† by Sherwood Anderson there is one character that sticks out as what one would consider a foil, and he is know in this short story as the College Instructor. He is described as dry and a gold digger going after the banker’s daughter. Helen does not really enjoy his company â€Å"she wanted to drive the instructor away† (Anderson 169). We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of Sherwood Anderson’s Sopohistication or any similar topic only for you Order Now She loathed how her mother thought that no man from the town would be worthy of her, or the fortune that would come along with her marriage. Furthermore, she did understand why she could not go after love, but has to go after prestige for her family. He knew that the life of a college instructor could not make him a large amount of money, but he needed a way to fund his studies as a college professor. Also, he never sees himself falling in love with Helen, he even says â€Å"I should marry women with money†, ultimately he is only in it for the money (169). He sees this as an opportunity when he found Helen’s mother wanted her daughter to marry. He thought he has a great opportunity to marry into money. Nevertheless, he never accounted for the wants or feeling of Helen, her wants conflicted with convictions of the college instructor. It could be argued throughout the book that â€Å"He wanted to appear cosmopolitan† (171). Although, this sounded appealing to Helen’s mother, it does not appeal to Helen. She despised the thought of ever being with him, she considered herself a free spirit, not wanting to be held back or told what to do. Proving this, she runs out of her house yelling for George. In her heart she knows that they are the only ones who truly understood each other. Thus, the college instructor is effectively run out of her life after Helen and George go on their silent walk. How to cite Critical Analysis of Sherwood Anderson’s Sopohistication, Essay examples

Principles of Software Engg. free essay sample

University of Ballarat GRADUATE SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES ITECH6501 Principles of Software Engineering Name: Abdulhadi Zawi (30088958) Individual Assignment 20 marks – refer to Course Description for weighting Semester 2011/05 Report Due Date: Refer to course description In this first assignment, TWO software development methodologies will be examined using the first four laws given in the prescribed text. Glass’ law Requirement deficiencies are the prime source of project failures. LI) Boehm’s first law Errors are most frequent during the requirements and design activities and are the more expensive the later they are removed. (L2) Boehm’s second law Prototyping (significantly) reduces requirement and design errors, especially for user interfaces. (L3) Davis’ law The value of a model depends on the view taken, but none is best for all purposes. (L4) The first software development methodology will be the Waterfall M odel, the second software methodology will be one of either Agile Methodology or the Rational Unified Process (RUP or UP). For both the software development methodologies do the following: 1. Describe each law in your own words. Illustrate with a practical example. [2 + 2 = 4 marks] Waterfall Model: Glass’ law: Requirements are the basic and fundamental source of input to the Waterfall Model. Requirement deficiencies in the beginning of the project will lead to a low quality design of the software and that low quality of the design will lead to a low quality software product at the end. If a crucial requirement is not captured in requirements gathering phase or a wrong requirement is captured then it leads to customer dissatisfaction, and eventually the project will fail. Boehm’s first law: The requirements gathering phase in Waterfall Model is more prone to errors and most of the times major errors in the end product are originated from the requirements and analysis phases of the software development life cycle. This is because of the customer are most of the times non technical and they can not describe their requirements in very well formed manner. Also, the requirements gathering teams are not familiar with the domain customer is working in, so there is a huge chance of misunderstanding the requirements or missing out some crucial ones. If some error occurs in the requirements gathering phase it will lead to a wrong design and that wrong design will lead to a product with deficiencies. If we need to remove those errors after completing all the waterfall phases then we need to capture the requirements again, change the whole product design based on the new requirements, develop the software and test it again. It will definitely increase the cost of developing those requirements with a lot of rework, as compared to if they were captured correctly at the first place. Boehm’s second law: Prototyping is a good method of removing some errors at the very early stage of software development. With a prototype a customer can easily visualize what will be the final product and the developers also get the requirements clarified by the customers. The prototypes are the GUIs with none or very limited functionality to help customers tell if some critical aspect of the end system is missing. They also help the developers in designing robust software in the early stages of the development cycle. As an example if a user thinks that he will select from the dropdown list the names of the cities or the developer thinks that the user will enter the city name in the text box, it can be clarified easily with the help of a simple prototype. Davis’ law: Models are designed to have a better understanding of the existing systems, and for the systems to be developed. The importance of a model is based on the time when it is developed and for the purpose it serves. A very high level model can be developed to show the customer how the end product will work with other existing systems or a detailed entity relationship model can be used to design the database. The models are effective but if and only if they are used in the proper perspective there is no one model that can serve at different levels of understanding. Agile Methodology: Glass’ law: Requirements are the driving factor in customer satisfaction, which leads to the successful projects. If the customer is not satisfied with the requirements they had in their mind and the product they get at the end, then the project is definitely going towards failure. The Agile software development methodology is heavily based on frequent communication and collaboration of development teams and the customer. This frequent communication helps the teams and the customer to find out if something is missing or something is not required as and when it is developed. This is the main reason that we have higher success ratios in Agile software development projects. Boehm’s first law: To remove errors in the later stages of development is more costly because a lot of rework is required. It is much easy to correct them as soon as they are identified. The Agile software development methodology helps in getting user feedback after every iteration. In each iteration a small portion of software is delivered and user can easily identify any issues with that and if there are any errors they can be removed before any further development is carried out. Boehm’s second law: In Agile software development, each iteration acts as a prototype of the actual system, and hence user can easily identify the potential problems in the early stage of development. The initial prototype of the system helps the development teams identify the initial set of requirements to start working with. They develop the prototype to capture the requirements and then in each iteration a small number of new requirements are developed and delivered to the customer to get their feedback. If there is a problem in the interface the customer sees it as soon as a new iteration is completed and can easily get it corrected. Davis’ law: In Agile software development methodology the importance is put on the working software delivered to the customer and all the activities revolve around this. The models are made just to understand and communicate some concepts about the software to be developed. These models can be detailed enough to expand the whole wall of an office or it can be a simple diagram to tell other developers how one has tackled some specific problem. The purpose remains the same; i. e. to help understand and build the system. Any level of model can not be a substitute for everything. There is no â€Å"One size fits all†. . Your first task is to describe each software development methodology clearly and completely in your own words. You may use diagrams, examples or UML to help you do this. [2 + 2 = 4 marks] Waterfall Model: The main idea of waterfall model is to develop software phase by phase. There are different phases of software development namely Requirements gathering, an alysis and design, development, testing and deployment. In waterfall model, software engineers collect requirements and try to make sure that each and every requirement is captured and documented in the requirements document. Once the requirements phase is completed the requirements document is fed to the analysis and design phase. Based on the details given in requirements document, the design of the software is developed and documented. Once a design is made for the software to be developed, it is given to the developers/programmers to code according to the design. They create the software by coding whatever is present in the system design given to them. When the software is ready, it is tested against the requirements document and if all the requirements are met (which are stated in the requirements document) then the software is delivered to the customer. An important thing to note here is that there is no feedback loop in each phase. We can not go to requirements phase from the design phase or from the coding phase. The only way to go is to go down the phases one by one. There can be no activities in parallel in two different phases. Agile Methodology: Agile software development is a new method of developing software. It is iterative and incremental in nature. The main concept is based on early delivery of working software in frequent cycles. The high level requirements are captured from the customer. Customer then prioritizes them and the development team plans for development of high value requirements first in the first cycle. The development team gets more details about the requirements to be developed from the customer. They develop and test that piece of software, then deliver it to the customer, and iteration completes here. At the beginning of next iteration the customer gives the feedback and prioritizes the remaining requirements and the same cycle is repeated again. This loop goes on until the customer is satisfied with the software they have and there are no more requirements from the customer. . Using the first four laws of the text, show where these are either implemented or missing in each software development methodology (Total Two). If a law is missing, explain the consequences and suggest how the process might be improved. [4 + 4 = 8 marks] Waterfall Model: Glass’ Law: Waterfall model is based on the assumption that each and every requirement is captured i n first phase of development life cycle. Glass’ law can not be implemented easily in Waterfall model of development. Rather it can be observed and can be verified with a lot of failed projects that followed the waterfall development model. The inherent nature of waterfall model does not allow to modify the requirements document once the requirements phase is over. The communication with the customer (for requirements) is reduced to nothing and hence there is no chance of having a requirement change communicated to the development teams. If we have communication channel open with the customer throughout the development cycle of the software we can utilize the Glass’ law in reducing the chances of failure because of requirements errors. Boehm’s Law: Waterfall model does not cater this law also. If there are any errors in the requirements phase they are only rectified in the internal testing phase or in the user acceptance testing phase. But if an error is identified at those stages, we need to go back to the requirements and design phases to start working over it once again. Hence the cost of rework is very high. Also the requirements defects cause the ripple effects in other requirements and hence more work is often required to just correct a small problem. There is only one way removing requirements errors in waterfall model, i. e. o have prototyping and a flexible attitude towards changing requirements. Boehm’s 2nd Law: As mentioned above, prototyping is one of the best practices that can be used to minimize the requirements errors early in the life cycle. In waterfall model, in requirements gathering phase if we collect requirements with the help of a prototype then it will be really easy to identify some of the errors, specially the user interface errors. The pr ototypes can be developed quickly and hence they are good in reducing the cost of correcting some requirement errors down the track. Agile Software Development: Glass’ law: In agile software development Glass’ law is taken as the basis for all the activities. As the agile manifesto suggests that they value working software over comprehensive documentation. The definition of working software comes from the customer. The customer decides which requirement is critical for the working of the software through out the development cycle, so the development team delivers the parts of the software which are ‘working’ from the customer’s point of view. Since the requirements are set and prioritized by the customer, and the customer has the opportunity to have a feel of what’s going right or wrong from the beginning, the overall requirements contains lesser number of errors and hence the final product will have higher success rate. Boehm’s law: In agile software development the total duration of an error to occur in requirements and to be developed is only limited by the duration of iteration. If there is any misunderstanding or ambiguity in the requirement, there is a high chance of it being rectified in the same iteration as the developers seek explanation from the customer. Even if they could not perceive those errors in the begging, errors are captured before the next iteration, as the customer uses the software and finds out the problems. Boehm’s law is being used in its full in agile software development as the errors are captured and rectified as soon as they occur and hence the cost and effort is reduced on rework. Boehm’s 2ns law: This law is also implemented in the agile software development in a sense. The difference is that in prototyping the piece of software is only a set of GUI with no or limited functionality. The customer does get a feeling of how t will look like at the end but do not get the real feeling of what that software will do. On the other hand the working software, delivered in each iteration of agile software development, is not only used for user interface issues but it also gives the real functionality. The only difference between prototype and a small working piece of software in agile software development is t hat the prototype is used for the identification of GUI problems and can cover the whole software, but a small working piece of software is not delivered to identify GUI issues rather it is delivered to the customer to use the functionality it provides. . For each software development methodology, give an example of a project which it would be well suited for and one which it would be inappropriate for (Total Two projects for each software development methodology). [2 + 2 = 4 marks] Waterfall Model Appropriate Project: Waterfall model is more suitable for a very big department of defence project e. g. To develop a communication software for distant team members. The requirements in this kind of projects are clear and stable. The duration of the whole project is normally very long, often years, and hence each phase of development can be completed with perfection. Inappropriate Project: Small volatile projects like an interactive web based solution can not be developed with waterfall model of development. The requirements in these projects changes very fast and the business needs may vary on the daily basis. The life cycle of such projects is usually small, most often in months and their majority requirements are highly unstable in nature. Agile Software Development Appropriate Project: The projects with a limited time and budged can be successfully developed with agile development methodology, as the customer picks the requirements that are critical and hence gets the higher value for money. An example of such a project may be a web based solution where a customer can add a new feature and may discard some other on the basis of their business needs. The changes occur very rapidly in such projects and therefore the new requirements are very frequent, hence it is more suitable to be developed using agile development methodology. Inappropriate Project: Some government projects where a big design is required for the approval or the cost and time estimate is required for a project to be awarded is not suitable for agile software development. In such projects the funding body usually breaks it to phases and gets it developed phase by phase and hence its impossible to apply agile software development principles. Agile software development is also inappropriate for mission critical software projects, e. g. a software to be used in life saving machines. NOTE: All description should be in your own words and references could be made from the text. Remember to adhere to the Plagiarism rules.